# Trigonometric Functions

## Trigonometrical ratios of an acute angle

Let $\theta$ be an angle of a right angled triangle. Then, the six trigonometric functions are defined as;

$\sin\theta=\frac{PQ}{OP}=\frac{y}{r}=\frac{p}{h}=\frac{\text{perpendicular}}{\text{hypotenuse}}$

$\cos\theta=\frac{OQ}{OP}=\frac{x}{r}=\frac{b}{h}=\frac{\text{base}}{\text{hypotenuse}}$

$\tan\theta=\frac{PQ}{OQ}=\frac{y}{x}=\frac{p}{b}=\frac{\text{perpendicular}}{\text{base}}$

$\cot\theta=\frac{OQ}{PQ}=\frac{x}{y}=\frac{b}{p}=\frac{\text{base}}{\text{perpendicular}}$

$\sec\theta=\frac{OP}{OQ}=\frac{r}{x}=\frac{h}{b}=\frac{\text{hypotenuse}}{\text{base}}$

$\operatorname{cosec}\theta=\frac{OP}{OQ}=\frac{r}{x}=\frac{h}{b}=\frac{\text{hypotenuse}}{\text{perpendicular}}$

### Some basic properties

For trigonometric angles of any size, positive or negative, the following properties follow directly from the definitions:

#### 1. Arms or side length

For a given angle of reference, each of the six trigonometric ratios has the same value whatever be the size of the arms (or triangle).

#### 2. Elementary identities

The trigonometric ratios; sine, cosine and tangent of an angle are the reciprocals of cosecant, secant and contangent of the angle i.e. $\sin\theta=\frac{1}{\operatorname{cosec}\theta},\;\cos\theta=\frac{1}{\sec\theta}\;\text{and}\;\tan\theta=\frac{1}{\cot\theta}$

#### 3. Limit of values

Since hypotenuse is the greatest side in a right angled triangle, $\sin\theta=\frac{p}{h}=\frac{y}{r}\;\text{and}\;\cos\theta=\frac{b}{h}=\frac{x}{r}$ are both less than $1$. $\therefore -1≤\sin\theta≤1 \;\text{and}\; -1≤\cos\theta≤1$

#### 4. Quadrant rule of signs

In the first quadrant, the given angle is positive and acute. So, x-coordinate, y-coordinate and the distance $r$ of the given point $P(x,y)$ from the origin are all positive. Hence, the six trigonometric ratios are all positive.

In the second quadrant, the given angle is positive and obtuse, so $y>0$, $r>0$ but $x<0$. Thus, $\sin\theta=\frac{y}{r}>0,\;\cos\theta=\frac{x}{r}<0\;\text{and}\;\tan\theta=\frac{y}{x}<0$

Similarly, signs of the various trigonometric functions can be found in the four quadrants which is shown in the following table.

## Pythagorean Identities

Pythagorean theorem states that “the sum of the squares on the two sides forming the right angle is equal to the square on the hypotenuse.” By using this theorem, we can find an unknown side whenever two other sides are given in any right angled triangle.

From Pythagorean theorem, we have, $h^2=p^2+b^2$ Dividing both sides ny $h^2$, we get, $1=\left(\frac{p}{h}\right)^2+\left(\frac{b}{h}\right)^2$ $1=\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta$ $\therefore \sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta=1\text{ __(1)}$

Similarly, we can find that $\sec^2\theta=1+\tan^2\theta\text{ __(2)}$ $\operatorname{cosec}^2\theta =1+\cot^2\theta\text{ __(3)}$

From $\text{(1)}$, $\text{(2)}$ and $\text{(3)}$, we can easily obtain the following identities: $\sin^2\theta=1-\cos^2\theta$ $\cos^2\theta=1-\sin^2\theta$ $\cos\theta=\sqrt{1-\sin^2\theta}$ $\sec^2\theta-\tan^2\theta=1$ $\operatorname{cosec}^2\theta-\cot^2\theta=1, \;\;\text{etc.}$

$\sin(A+B)=\sin A\cos B+\cos A\sin B$ $\sin(A-B)=\sin A\cos B-\cos A\sin B$ $\cos(A+B)=\cos A\cos B-\sin A\sin B$ $\cos(A-B)=\cos A\cos B+\sin A\sin B$

$\tan(A+B)=\frac{\tan A+\tan B}{1-\tan A\tan B}$ $\tan(A-B)=\frac{\tan A-\tan B}{1+\tan A\tan B}$ $\cot(A+B)=\frac{\cot A\cot B-1}{\cot B+\cot A}$ $\cot(A-B)=\frac{\cot A\cot B+1}{\cot B-\cot A}$

## Some Trigonometric Formulae Deduced from the Addition and Subtraction Formulae

1. Put $A=0°$, then $\sin(-B)=-\sin B$ $\cos(-B)=\cos B$ $\tan(-B)=-\tan B$

2. Put $A=90°$, then $\sin(90°-B)=\cos B$ $\cos(90°-B)=\sin B$ $\tan(90°-B)=\cot B$ Also, $\sin(90°+B)=\cos B$ $\cos(90°+B)=-\sin B$ $\tan(90°+B)=-\cot B$

3. Put $A=180°$, then $\sin(180°-B)=\sin B$ $\cos(180°-B)=-\cos B$ $\tan(180°-B)=-\tan B$ Also, $\sin(180°+B)=-\sin B$ $\cos(180°+B)=\cos B$ $\tan(180°+B)=-\tan B$

## Multiple and Submultiple Angle Formulae

### 1. Double Angle Formulae

Put $B=A$ in the addition formulae, we get, $\sin 2A=2\sin A\cos A$ $\cos 2A=\cos^2A-\sin^2A$ $=2\cos^2A-1$ $=1-2\sin^2A$

$\tan 2A=\frac{2\tan A}{1-\tan^2A}$ $\sin 2A=\frac{2\tan A}{1+\tan^2A}$ $\cos 2A=\frac{1-\tan^2 A}{1+\tan^2A}$ $\text{Also,}\;\;1-\cos 2A=2\sin^2A$ $\text{and,}\;\;1+\cos 2A=2\cos^2A$

### 2. Half Angle Formulae

Replace $A$ by $\frac{A}{2}$ in Double Angle Formulae, we get, $\sin A=2\sin\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{A}{2}$ $\cos A=\cos^2\frac{A}{2}-\sin^2\frac{A}{2}$ $=2\cos^2\frac{A}{2}-1$ $=1-2\sin^2\frac{A}{2}$

$\tan A=\frac{2\tan\frac{A}{2}}{1-\tan^2\frac{A}{2}}$ $\sin A=\frac{2\tan\frac{A}{2}}{1+\tan^2\frac{A}{2}}$ $\cos A=\frac{1-\tan^2\frac{A}{2}}{1+\tan^2\frac{A}{2}}$ $\text{Also,}\;\;1-\cos A=2\sin^2\frac{A}{2}$ $\text{and,}\;\;1+\cos A=2\cos^2\frac{A}{2}$

### 3. Triple Angle Formulae

Put $B=2A$ in the addition formulae, we get, $\sin 3A=3\sin A-4\sin^3A$ $\cos 3A=4\cos^3A-3\cos A$ $\tan 3A=\frac{3\tan A-\tan^3A}{1-3\tan^2A}$

## Transformation Formulae

By using the addition and subtraction formulae, we can deduce the following formulae:

$\sin(A+B)+\sin(A-B)=2\sin A\cos B$ $\sin(A+B)-\sin(A-B)=2\cos A\sin B$ $\cos(A+B)+\cos(A-B)=2\cos A\cos B$ $\cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B)=2\sin A\sin B$

If we replace $A+B$ and $A-B$ by $C$ and $D$ respectively, then, we have the following formulae:

$\sin C+\sin D=2\sin\left(\frac{C+D}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{C-D}{2}\right)$ $\sin C-\sin D=2\cos\left(\frac{C+D}{2}\right)\sin\left(\frac{C-D}{2}\right)$ $\cos C+\cos D=2\cos\left(\frac{C+D}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{C-D}{2}\right)$ $\cos C-\cos D=2\sin\left(\frac{C+D}{2}\right)\sin\left(\frac{D-C}{2}\right)$

## Conditional Identities

Trigonometrical identities involving certain conditions are known as conditional identities. Generally, the condition will be $A+B+C=π$ where $A$, $B$ and $C$ are the angles of a triangle. Now, let us see the following results:

If $A+B+C=π$, then $A+B=π-C$. $\sin(A+B)=\sin(π-C)=\sin C$ $\cos(A+B)=\cos(π-C)=-\cos C$ $\tan(A+B)=\tan(π-C)=-\tan C$

Again, if $A+B+C=\frac{π}{2}$, then $\frac{A+B}{2}=\frac{π}{2}-\frac{C}{2}$. $\sin\left(\frac{A+B}{2}\right)=\sin\left(\frac{π}{2}-\frac{C}{2}\right)=\cos\frac{C}{2}$ $\cos\left(\frac{A+B}{2}\right)=\cos\left(\frac{π}{2}-\frac{C}{2}\right)=\sin\frac{C}{2}$ $\tan\left(\frac{A+B}{2}\right)=\tan\left(\frac{π}{2}-\frac{C}{2}\right)=\cot\frac{C}{2}\;\;\text{etc.}$